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The LoviisiandL Purchase 
and its SignificdLnce 



The Louisiana Purchase 
AND ITS Significance 

A DISCOURSE DELIVERED IN 

The First Baptist Meeting House 

Providence, r. I. 
SUNDAY, MAY 15, 1904 

BY 

HENRY Melville King 
Pastor 



Printed in Providence, R. I. 






Gift 

Author 

(Parson) 

29 D '04 



This discourse was prepared with no thought 
of pubUcation, but simply in the ordinary 
course of pulpit preparation to give to a single 
congregation an outline of an event of great 
importance in our national history, whose cen- 
tennial is now being appropriately celebrated 
in St. Louis, and to suggest its spiritual inter- 
pretation. Immediately upon the delivery of 
the discourse many requests were made that 
it might be printed for distribution and pre- 
servation. It is now printed through the gen- 
erous offer of a friend who heard it. 



The Lo\iisia.rva. Purchase and its 
Significa-rvce 



Psalm 85: I, 12, 13. "Lord, thou hast been 
favorable unto thy land; thou hast brought back 
the captivity of Jacob. * * * Yea, the Lord shall 
give that which is good, and our land shall 
yield her increase. Righteousness shall go before 
him, and shall set us in the way of His steps." 

These words contain an acknowledgment 
and a prophecy, a grateful recognition of 
God's hand in past mercies and in national 
deliverance, and an expression of devout con- 
fidence in his continued goodness to be mani- 
fest in national growth and prosperity, not for- 
getting that all true growth and prosperity, 
national or personal, are conditioned upon 
righteousness of character and obedience to 
God's commandments. 

These words were spoken by the inspired 
historian and prophet of ancient Israel. They 
are equally applicable to our land and to our 



lime, and can be spoken humbly and confi- 
dently by the Christian citizen of America, as 
he looks back over our past history, and looks 
out upon the future of our Republic. "Lord, 
thou hast been favorable unto thy land ; thou 
hast brought back the captivity of Jacob. * 
* * Yea, the Lord shall give that which 
is good, and our land shall yield her in- 
crease." We are dependent utterly upon God 
for future prosperity and blessing. The God 
of the fathers must be the God of the children, 
the God of the founders of the Republic must 
be the God of their descendants. But his 
blessing and his prosperity are not uncondi- 
tioned. "Righteousness exalteth a nation, but 
sin is a curse to any people," and its ultimate 
overthrow and destruction. "Righteousness 
must go before him, and must set us in the 
way of his steps." Mce, crime, political and 
business corruption, unbelief and neglect of 
God are certain to breed rottenness in the 
foundations of the Republic. The God-fear- 
ing, righteous man is not only the inheritor 
of the past, but the conservator of the future. 
His faith, his righteousness gives stability to 
the nation, and the hope of continued and in- 
creasing prosperity and greatness. 



The greatest World's Fair which this coun- 
try, and perhaps the world has ever seen, is 
now under way in St. Louis, having been 
opened to the public on April 30th. The more 
formal services of the dedication were ob- 
served one year ago, on April 30th, 1903, be- 
ing participated in by the President, the ex- 
President, and other dignitaries of the nation, 
the Governors of forty States, the diplomatic 
representatives of thirty nations of the world, 
and thousands of troops, sufficient to add 
splendor to the occasion and to represent the 
military power of a mighty Empire. But why 
on April 30th, 1903? Because that was the 
one hundredth anniversary of what is known 
in history as the "Louisiana Purchase," by 
which a territory larger by fifty-five thousand 
square miles than that of the original thirteen 
States and almost as large as Continental Eu- 
rope, was purchased of France, and added to 
the domain of the recently founded Republic. 

Few of us, perhaps, have any adequate idea 
of the extent of this purchase, of the circum- 
stances which led up to it, and of its signifi- 
cance to the cause of human liberty and the 



8 

Protestant religion. It has been easy for those 
who have studied the event and its results to 
place it among the great events of modern 
history. One writer, carried away by his en- 
thusiasm, has classed it in importance with 
the Declaration of Independence, the Protes- 
tant Reformation, and even with the outpour- 
ing of the Spirit on the Day of Pentecost and 
with the Resurrection of Jesus Christ. An- 
other writer, with a more moderate enthu- 
siasm and imagination, has said : "Of all 
distinguishing events in the glorious career of 
this country, aside from its triumphs for lib- 
erty and for union, none shine forth with such 
imperishable luster as the acquisition of that 
splendid empire west of the Mississippi River ; 
and when the imjjartial historian shall write 
up the great men and the great measures of 
our nation he will place at the top of the rolls 
Thomas Jefferson and the Louisiana Pur- 
chase." It will be seen, however, that Thomas 
Jefferson was not an active agent in the 
transaction, and had very little to do with it 
in its final outcome, except that he was Presi- 
dent of the I'nited States at tjie time, and was 
an unintentional and unexi)ectcd instrument 



in the hands of the Ahiiighty, who is Presi- 
dent over all human affairs. All students of 
American history confess that few events have 
occurred on this continent or in the world, 
which have been followed by wider and more 
beneficent results, and which have exhibited 
more unmistakably the sudden and unlooked 
for ordering- of divine Providence. It was as 
sudden and unexpected as when one bright 
May morning the far away Philippine Islands 
were tossed mysteriously into the lap of this 
Nation for their emancipation, and protection, 
and education, and became, without asking 
our consent, for the time being, one of the de- 
pendencies of this Republic. 

But what was the previous history of this 
so-called Louisiana territory, and what was 
its extent? In the year 1682 a distinguished 
French explorer, Robert Cavelier, generally 
known as La Salle, descended the Mississippi 
River from its Northern waters to its mouth, 
for purposes of exploration, in order, it is 
said, to find "a trade route for the transporta- 
tion of heavy skins." Sixteen years before, 
at the age of 23, he had migrated from 
France to Montreal, and became the possessor 



lO 

of an estate there. But love of adventure, of 
discovery and of conquest had sent him forth 
on shorter explorations already. But this was 
the first time he had been led so far, and so 
far as known, he was the first white man to 
make the entire voyage to the mouth of the 
river. Other explorers had been associated 
with him or had made their own ventures into 
tiie wild new territory, uninhabited except by 
Indians. On the west shore of the river, about 
three leagues from the mouth, he erected a 
cross bearing the arms of the king, unfurled 
the flag of France, sang a Te Deum, and took 
possession of the territory in the name of 
Louis Ouatorze, and named the country 
"Louisiana," after the king, defining the ter- 
ritory somewhat indefinitely as extending 
northward to the source of the river and 
along its various branches, and westward to 
Texas in the South and to the Rocky Moun- 
tains in the North. The area comprised nearly 
a million square miles, and has been sub- 
divided into the following States and Territo- 
ries : "Louisiana, Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, 
Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakotti, North Dakota, 
Montana, and Wyoming, and included a por- 



tion also of Colorado, a part of Idaho, Okla- 
homa and the Indian Territory." This whole 
central portion of our national domain, ex- 
tending from the Gulf of Mexico in the South 
to the Great Lakes in the North, and making 
about one-third of our present territory, ex- 
cluding Alaska, was embraced in the New 
French possession, called sometimes New 
France, and later the Louisiana Purchase. Al- 
though inhabited by scattered tribes of abori- 
ginees, frequent attempts had been made to ex- 
plore it by white men, meeting hardships al- 
most incredible, exposure, peril, starvation and 
death. The first explorers were Spaniards, 
who were animated by the same purpose which 
impelled Columbus "to find a water-way to 
Cathay, or China, and the Spice Islands, by 
the westward route, and to secure their rich 
trade. The extent of America was so little 
understood that much time was spent in tr}^- 
ing to find a passage through or around our 
continent. Cipanzo, as Japan was called, was 
supposed to lie much farther East; indeed in 
some old maps it seems to have been included 
within our boundaries. It was the Spanish 
pioneer explorers of the sixteenth century who 



12 

first penetrated Western North America and 
discovered the vast extent of our country." 

In 1 5 19, only a few years after the discov- 
ery of America, Don Diego Velasquez, the 
Spanish governor of Cuba, sent out four cara- 
vels commanded by Don Alonzo Alvarez de 
Pineda, who sailed across the Gulf of Mexico, 
and discovered the mouth of a great river 
which he explored for a few leagues, and 
called the Rio de Espiritu Santo. This was 
the Mississippi River. He was probably the 
first white man to approach the soil of Louis- 
iana. 

In 1527, eight years later, another Spaniard, 
Alvah Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, sailed directly 
from Spain to Florida, whose swamps he 
crossed, and after great suffering passed be- 
yond the Mississippi River. Nearly all of this 
party perished, the remainder being cast upon 
an island west of the mouth of the river, 
which they named appropriately "The Isle of 
Misfortunes." The stories of these early ad- 
ventures, impelled by a passion for discovery 
or gold, are of thrilling interest. 

A dozen years later, in ^539, still another 
Spaniard, the famous Fernando de Soto, a 



'3 



governor of Cuba, sailed from Havana with 
six hundred men, and landed in Florida, under 
a commission to conquer the unknown terri- 
tory of the Gulf of Mexico. He "fought his 
bloody way" across Florida, Georgia, and 
Alabama, across the Mississippi, into the 
Western wilds, in the vain search for gold. 
After three years, with ranks depleted by hun- 
ger, exposure and hostile Indians, the brave 
adventurer died near the mouth of the Red 
River, and was buried beneath the waters of 
the Mississippi, his survivors not daring to 
leave his body in a grave lest the Indians 
should discover it. 

All these explorations, and others, took 
place nearly a century and a half before the 
Frenchman, La Salle, sailed down the "Father 
of Waters," and took possession of the vast 
territory beyond the Western bank in the 
name of France and Louis XIV. 

It is not necessary to give in detail the sub- 
sequent vicissitudes of this new interior world. 
France held it for eighty years till 1762, and 
then ceded it to Spain to consummate a Span- 
ish alliance. It had done nothing to occupy 
and develop the country, besides laying the 
foundations of New Orleans. It had leased it 



out to traders from whom it received little 
revenue, and so the possession was looked up- 
on as of comparatively little value at that time. 

In 1768 the first Spanish jT^overnor came to 
New Orleans. At that time Spain was in 
possession of by far the larger part of America, 
Florida, a strip along the Gulf of Mexico, 
Texas, California, Mexico, and that large tract 
of territory, from the Gulf to the Lakes, out 
of which have been carv^ed twelve States and 
two Territories, each of which is an empire in 
itself. 

Spain held possession of the Louisiana ter- 
ritory for forty years, until 1801, and then 
tossed it back into the hands of France in re- 
turn for a political favor. It had proved to 
be an expensive and troublesome Province. 
The few inhabitants were discontented and 
sometimes openly rebellious at the transfer 
from one power to another. At the begin- 
ning of the nineteenth century, the thirteen 
original States which had entered into a com- 
pact of union and liberty under the form of a 
Republican Government, had received no in- 
crement of territory. They extended from 
Florida nortliward and eastward to Maine, and 



IS 

westward only to the Mississippi. Our rela- 
tions with France had become greatly 
strained. Our shipping- had been exposed to 
the attacks of French cruisers. Protests were 
unavailing. An embassy was sent to France 
to adjust the increasing difficulties. The 
French Directory refused to grant it a hearing. 
After the dismissal of our envoys, Pinckney, 
Marshall and Gerry, commercial intercourse 
with France was suspended. War seemed in- 
evitable. America preferred Spain to France 
for a back-door neighbor. 

In the meantime the American settlers, on 
the East Bank of the Mississippi River, were 
demanding "the rights of navigation and com- 
merce through the river as established by ex- 
isting treaties," but which were being infringed 
upon and curtailed. The East sympathized 
with the West. Our country needed' and must 
have an open highway for its commerce 
through the river which formed its Western 
boundary, and a right to deposit its merchan- 
dise at New Orleans, which it had accjuired 
from Spain in 1795. It was determined to 
press upon France negotiations for the pur- 
chase of New Orleans and the possession of 



i6 

the unrestricted use of the Mississippi. 

England also was aspiring for ownership in 
that valley as it had done before, and was pre- 
paring itself for open hostilities against its 
neighbor across the Channel, so that war be- 
tween the two nations seemed to be a fore-, 
gone conclusion. Such in brief was the con- 
dition of things at the beginning of the nine- 
teenth century. 

In 1803 Napoleon Bonaparte was the First 
Consul of France, Thomas JefTerson was the 
President of the United States, and Robert R. 
Livingston was our Minister to the French 
Court, and w^as under instructions to press our 
claims, and secure the rights of the Republic 
at the mouth of the Mississippi. Matters 
were progressing slowly, or rather not at all. 
Something more needed to be done. Jeflferson 
appointed James Monroe as a special envoy to 
Paris, with authority to purchase New Orleans 
and the Floridas for $2,000,000.00. It was not 
then known that France had acquired from 
Spain only Louisiana. 

Rut a strange Providence was working on 
the other side of the Atlantic. Napoleon, it 
is said, was attending service in Notre Dame 



17 

Cathedral on Easter Sunday. But his thoughts 
were not on the risen Christ and the hope of a 
glorious immortality which Christ's resurrec- 
tion inspired, but on the hostile fleet of Eng- 
land sailing towards his American possessions. 
The purpose came to him (the Spirit of God 
flashed it into his mind), that he would dis- 
pose of the whole of the Louisiana territory 
to the United States, and be rid of the whole 
thing. He informed Talleyrand of his sudden 
purpose, who immediately saw and startled Mr. 
Livingston with the proposition that his coun- 
try purchase the whole of Louisiana. Mr. 
Livingston told him he did not want it. At 
that time neither Jefferson nor any other 
American had conceived such an idea. How- 
ever, he informed Talleyrand that Mr. Mon- 
roe was expected in two days, and they would 
take the matter into consideration. Napoleon 
told his ministers, and his brothers, Lucien 
and Joseph, who "heard the news with aston- 
ishment and indignation," and protested ve- 
hemently against Napoleon's plan, but with- 
out avail. They only met with anger and a 
fixed determination. He summoned Barbe- 
Marbois, minister of the treasury, and said to 



i8 

him peremptorily : "Irresolution and delibera- 
tion are no longer in season. I renoimce Louis- 
iana. It is not only New Orleans that I cede ; 
it is the whole colony without reserve. I di- 
rect you to negotiate the affair. Have an in- 
terview this very day with Mr. Livingston." 

Suffice it to say that in twenty days from 
that Easter Sunday, with no time to receive 
instructions from the home government, the 
transaction was completed, the treaty of ces- 
sion w'as drawn up and signed by Livingston 
and Monroe on the part of this country and 
by Barbe-Marbois on the part of France, and 
this vast inland territory whose boundaries 
even then were unknown and undetermined, 
was transferred to the United States for the 
sum of $15,000,000.00, which proved to be 
only about two cents an acre, passing from the 
possession of an intolerant Roman Catholic 
monarchy to the ownership of a Protestant, 
liberty-loving Republic, w'ithout war or blood- 
shed. 

We can understand the significance of that 
purchase to-day better than it was understood 
at that time, but so great and far-reaching is 
it that even we in the light of subsequent de- 



19 

velopments and results find it difificult, if not 
impossible, fully to comprehend it. 

At the time there was serious and vehement 
opposition to the annexation on the part of 
many leading citizens. Jefferson, who favored 
it, though he had nothing to do in shaping 
the final outcome, "suffered bitter detrac- 
tion and personal ridicule." Senator Picker- 
ing, of Massachusetts, said : "It is declared in 
the third article (of the treaty) that 'the inhab- 
itants of the ceded territory shall be incorpo- 
rated in the Union of the United States.' But 
neither the President and Senate, nor the 
President and Congress, are competent to such 
an act of incorporation." Representative Gris- 
wold, of Connecticut, said: "The vast and 
unmanageable extent which the accession of 
Louisiana will give the United States, the con- 
sequent dispersion of our population, and the 
destruction of that balance which it is so im- 
portant to maintain between the Eastern and 
Western States, threatens, at no very distant 
day, the subversion of our Union." Repre- 
sentative Griffin, of Virginia, said: "He 
feared the effect of the vast extent of our 
empire ; he feared the effects of the increased 



20 

value of labor, the decrease in the value of 
lands, and the influence of climate upon our 
citizens who should migrate thither. He did 
fear (though this land was represented as 
flowing with milk and honey) that this Eden 
of the New World would prove a cemetery 
for the bodies of our citizens." And Senator 
James White, of Delaware, said : "But as to 
Louisiana — this new, immense, unbounded 
world — if it should ever be incorporated into 
the Union, of which I have no idea, and which 
can only be done by amending the Constitution, 
I believe it will be the greatest curse that could 
at present befall us. It may be productive of 
innumerable evils, and especially of one that I 
fear to ever look upon. Our citizens will be 
removed to the immense distance of two or 
three thousand miles from the capital of the 
Union, where they will scarcely ever feel the 
rays of the General Government — their affec- 
tions will become alienated ; they will gradually 
begin to view us as strangers — they will form 
other commercial connections, and our inter- 
ests will become distinct. And I do say that 
$i5.0fX),ooo.oo was a most enormous sum to 
give." 



21 

Such reasoning sounds strangely familiar to 
our modern ears, who have heard the discus- 
sions about Alaska and the Sandwich Isl- 
ands, and our relations to Cuba, Porto Rico, 
and the Philippines. The results have proved 
not only how groundless were their fears in 
every particular, but that the dreams of the 
most sanguine came far short of what has been 
actually realized. 

This vast area of the Louisiana Purchase, 
which is now called the Middle West, com- 
prising fourteen States and Territories, had 
at the last census a population of nearly 15,- 
000,000, and an estimated wealth of more than 
six and half billions of dollars. The barren 
wilderness, as it was sometimes called, which 
could breed only miasma and death, has be- 
come the granary of the nation, and almost 
of the world, and is found capable of support- 
ing a population many times larger than it yet 
contains. It is rich in every product that goes 
to make the wealth of a nation or is necessary 
for the supply of the needs of an advancing 
civilization. Its citizens are an inseparable 
part of the Republic, and vie with the resi- 
dents of the East in their loyalty and devotion 



to the Government and to our American in- 
stitutions. 

And more than that. This large section has 
given ampler scope for the expansion of the 
Nation, and for the development of the Re- 
public towards its unfolding destiny. It was 
but the beginning of that process of expan- 
sion, which now covers so large a part of the 
continent between the two oceans, and has 
made our Nation a great world-power. The 
Northwestern section, extending to the Pa- 
cific Ocean and to the British possessions, 
was added by exploration and treaty by the 
year 1819. Florida was ceded to us by Spain 
in 1 819. Texas was annexed in 1845, Cali- 
fornia, Nevada, Utah, Arizona and New Mex- 
ico came to us in 1848. Alaska, which was 
called Seward's Folly and has become a bo- 
nanza of gold and fish and fur of incalculable 
value, was purchased in 1867 for $7,000,000.00. 
And since then have come to us what may be 
called our Island wards, whose future is yet 
to be determined. When we think of the 
thirteen original States, just starting out into 
independent national existence, apparently 
feeble in resources, without experience and 



23 

with no encouraging and inspiring precedent, 
with no hght from behind to guide them, and 
for whose speedy faihire and cHssolution many 
of the wisest statesmen of the old world had 
only the most melancholy and certain prognos- 
tications, we can hardly say that thirteen is an 
unlucky number. And when we consider the 
phenomenal growth in population, in wealth, 
in intelligence and education, in national in- 
fluence, in everything that makes for national 
greatness and power, surely we can say "A 
little one has become a thousand, and a small 
one a strong nation." "Lord, thou hast been 
favorable unto thy land ; thou hast brought 
back the captivity of Jacob. Yea, thou hast 
given that which is good, and our land has 
yielded her increase." 

But the significance of the Louisiana Pur- 
chase is perhaps more apparent if we consider 
it from a religious point of view. In the sale 
or the purchase the religious motive had no 
influence or existence. Neither Jefferson nor 
Napoleon had the slightest thought of the ef- 
fect upon the religious faith or life of the 
people, or upon the progress of Christianit}^ 
either Protestant or Roman Catholic. France 



24 

and Spain were Roman Catholic countries, as 
intolerant and repressive of religious and civil 
freedom as such countries have alw^ays been, 
when they have had the power. This country 
was a free country, a country in which the 
enunciation of civil liberty as a fundamental 
principle was accompanied by the proclama- 
tion of religious liberty to all the inhabitants 
thereof. As the Providence of God guided 
Columbus southward to the West Indies, and 
possibly saved this country from being a Ro- 
man Catholic country, so the Providence of 
God snatched our great West from the iron 
grasp of a Roman Catholic power, and opened 
it to the entrance and the victorious march of 
an enlightened, liberty-loving, progressive 
Protestant civilization. 

One hundred years ago there were a thous- 
and Roman Catholics west of the Mississippi 
to a single Protestant, and not a single Protes- 
tant church from the great river to the Pacific 
Ocean. Those who attempted to find settle- 
ment there were met with persecution open and 
unremitting. They were not allowed to meet 
for worship except under severe restrictions. 
Marriage, baptism, the observance of the 



25 

Lord's Supper according to Protestant usage 
were all prohibited under cruel penalties. 
What would have been the condition of things, 
if the United States had been shut in by 
Catholic Spain on the South and Catholic 
France on the West, it is impossible to tell. 
This we know that thus bounded and hedged 
in by a wall of superstition and darkness, 
America could never have become the great 
Protestant nation that it is, the mightiest 
Protestant nation on the face of the whole 
earth, and a great evangelizing agency for all 
heathen nations. The possession of the West 
was immediately followed by the entrance of 
Protestant emigrants, and Protestant mission- 
aries. The first Protestant preacher to enter, 
it is said, was a Baptist, John Clark, an hon- 
ored name among the Baptists of Rhode Isl- 
and, who "went down the Mississippi alone in 
a small canoe, camping in the woods at 
night." Another Baptist minister, Thomas 
Musick, walked from Kentucky to Missouri, 
and founded the Fee Fee Baptist Church in 
1807, a church which is situated within an 
hour's ride of the grounds of the World's 
Fair, and is still in vigorous life. This church 



26 

is now the mother of 40.000 Protestant 
churches, nearly 14,000 of which are of the 
Baptist denomination. Of the twenty-one mil- 
lions of population west of the Alississippi, six- 
sevenths, or eighteen millions, are non-Catho- 
lic, possessing- the spirit of thrift, of intelli- 
gence, of independence, of progress, which 
usually characterizes those who are under no 
ecclesiastical yoke. It is not too much to say 
that the marvellous prosperity of the great 
and still growing West has been due in no 
small degree to the fact that for a hundred 
years there has waved over it "the Stars and 
Stripes," the emblem of a free and independent 
people, under which the hand is free, the 
body is free, the mind is free, and the con- 
science is free, where all the citizens are in 
possession of certain inalienable rights with 
which their JNIaker has endowed them, "life, 
liberty and the pursuit of happiness." 

I can not speak in detail of the great West 
as a field for religious activity or of the con- 
quests already won there among the native 
and foreign born populations. It has yielded 
marvellous returns for all spiritual seed-sow- 
ing, and is to-day one in spirit with the older 



27 

East, a homogeneous part of our common 
countr}', an inheritor of. our inspiring tra- 
ditions, the possessor of that which is highest 
and best in our American civihzation, than 
which no civihzation is higher and better, as 
loyal, as intelligent, and in large part as Chris- 
tian, as the States which lie along the Atlantic 
coast. 

Moreover, this great West has now become 
an open highway to the hoary and unenlight- 
ened nations of the Far East. No deserts in- 
tervene, no mountains obstruct, no hostile 
tribes or peoples hinder the progress of our 
commerce, of our enlightenment, of our civili- 
zation, or of our religion. The long searched- 
for route to Cathay and the fragrant Spice 
Islands has been discovered. The shortest 
route to China and Japan is Westward, across 
the American continent and the Pacific Ocean. 
Four days and a little more, and you see its 
waters. Twelve days and a little more, and 
you touch the shore of the flowery Kingdom. 
The whole heathen world is within easy reach 
of our Christian knowledge and out-reaching 
love. West as well as East, we front the na- 
tions of the earth. God has opened to us an 



28 

opportunity, and endowed us with resources 
such as no nation has possessed since the be- 
ginning of time, "wdien the morning stars 
sang together, and all the sons of God shouted 
for joy." Let us not forget the hand of our 
God in our history. Let us not be unmindful 
of our exalted privilege, of our unlimited abil- 
ity, of our transcendent destiny. Let us re- 
member that our moral glory must far exceed 
our material, or we shall be charged with un- 
faithfulness and doomed to decay, that "his 
righteousness must go before him and set us 
in the way of his steps." 



89 W 



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